The African Union has declared 2019 as the year of the ‘Refugees, Returnees and Internally Displaced Persons’ on the African continent. On the 50th anniversary of the 1969 refugee convention from the Organisation of African Unity as well as the 10-year anniversary of the 2009 Kampala Convention on internally displaced people, the continent has some of the most sophisticated instruments to deal with displacement, but also some of the most challenges, with roughly 7.4 million refugees and asylum seekers in Africa by the end of 2018. Political decisions from the AU and relevant conventions need to be implemented by individual member states however. Yet, despite the political attention (African) migration has received in recent times, little is still known about how individual African states deal with migration in their own contexts, and how policies are made, unfold and become to be contested.
Empirically, this project seeks to address this research gap, by considering the political stakes and societal discourse related to migration governance in (and across) four cases in Sub-Saharan Africa, namely South Sudan, Uganda, Zimbabwe and South Africa. This variation allows for a comparison of receiving and sending nations, different types of conflict sources as well as regional differences.
Theoretically, the research endeavours to bridge migration research with conflict studies. In particular peacebuilding debates adds to our understanding of the political dimension of migration for several reasons. First, like for peacebuilding, migration governance builds on a complex interaction of actors that also highlights the political agency of non-governmental ones. Second, we can use the idea of intervention – both external and internal – as a heuristic tool to further differentiate about the varying political impact that different levels of migration governance can have. Building on this, the project seeks to further consider the different types of stakeholders (including both governmental and non-governmental ones) involved in developing migration governance polices, their role and type of influence. Thus, the project applies a multi-scalar perspective, differentiating between multiple types of agency (external/internal) and actors (governmental/non-governmental).
Methodologically, the research is qualitative and will apply process-tracing, discourse and actor analysis methods. It will involve a mixture of both desk research (South Sudan, Zimbabwe) and fieldwork (Uganda, South Africa), including both interviews and focus groups. Fieldwork was scheduled for 2020 and due to the pandemic has been extended to 2021 and is partially implented digitally.
Though the focus of the project is on the governance of refugees and displaced people, it considers the political relevance of a type of migration journey which is not to be equated with individual form of (im-) mobility, which are likely to take place across different categories. Only by considering the way refugees and other migrants are dealt with together, can we understand how different forms of migration may become politically instrumentalized or played off against each other. For this reason, this project considers displacement amongst other forms of migration (e.g. regular and irregular emigration and immigration).
The project is funded by the German Foundation for Peace Research started in June 2019 and ended in 2022.
Co-Researchers on the project are Kalyango Ronald Sebba (Uganda) and Khangelani Moyo (South Africa).
More on the project-related study on refugee protection during the COVID-19 pandemic here.
Publications:
Zanker, Franzisca; Moyo, Khangelani (2023) Der Status des Flüchtlings als politisches Konstrukt, in: Jochen Oltmer, Marcel Berlinghoff, Franck Düvell, Ulrike Krause, Andreas Pott (eds), Report Globale Flucht 2023, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Verlag, pp. 140-150.
Moyo, Khangelani; Zanker Franzisca (2022) No hope for the ‘foreigners’: The conflation of refugees and migrants in South Africa in: Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies
Zanker, Franzisca (2022) African perspectives on migration: Re-centring Southern Africa, In: Migration Studies, 10 (2), pp. 282-337.
Moyo, Khangelani; Sebba, Kalyango Ronald; Zanker Franzisca (2021) Who is watching? Refugee protection during a pandemic - responses from Uganda and South Africa, In: Comparative Migration Studies, 9, 37, pp. 1-19
Zanker, Franzisca Luise; Moyo, Khangelani (2020), The Corona Virus and Migration Governance in South Africa: Business as Usual? In: Africa Spectrum, 55, 1, pp. 100–112.
Working Papers and Reports:
Franzisca Zanker (2023) The political stakes of refugee-hosting in Africa, Forschung DSF no 62; Osnabrück: Deutsche Stiftung Friedensforschung
Sebba, Ronald Kalyango and Franzisca Zanker (2022), Political Stakes of Refugee Protection in Uganda, August 2022, Freiburg: Arnold-Bergstraesser Institute.
Segadlo, Nadine; Krause, Ulrike; Zanker, Franzisca; Edler, Hannah (2021), Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on refugees and their protection in Kenya, Uganda, Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa and Zimbabwe. ABI Working Paper 18, Freiburg: ABI.
Segadlo, Nadine; Krause, Ulrike; Zanker, Franzisca; Edler, Hannah (2021), “Everyone was overwhelmed by the fears and the panic of the unknown disease”. Kenyan Refugee Protection and the COVID-19 Pandemic. IMIS Working Paper 10, Institut für Migrationsforschung und Interkulturelle Studien (IMIS) der Universität Osnabrück. Osnabrück: IMIS.
Kuyang Harriet Logo (2021), The Political Stakes of Displacement in South Sudan, February 2021, Freiburg: Arnold-Bergstraesser Institute.
Joyce Takaindisa (2021) The Political Stakes of Displacement and Migration in / from Zimbabwe, January 2021, Freiburg: Arnold-Bergstraesser Institute.
Khangelani Moyo and Franzisca Zanker (2020), Political Contestations within South African Migration Governance, December 2020, Freiburg: Arnold-Bergstraesser Institute.
Op-Eds and Blogs:
Franzisca Zanker Plans for offshoring refugee protection undermine human dignity, African political interests, and international norms, February 2022, Migration Control.
Franzisca Zanker Südafrika: Gestrandet am Kap der guten Hoffnung, July 2021, iz3W (in German)
Franzisca Zanker “Nowhere to be found”: Three Decades of UNHCR in South Africa, March 2021, Völkerrechtsblog
Kalyango Ronald Sebba, Mobility and COVID-19: A case study of Uganda, August 2020, Research and Evidence Facility (REF) EU Trust Fund
Khangelani Moyo and Franzisca Zanker, COVID-19 and Refugees and Asylum Seekers in South Africa, July 2020, Fluchtforschungsblog
Khangelani Moyo and Franzisca Zanker, South Africa’s xenoph bic agenda is impeding its coronavirus response, April 2020, African Arguments
Media Engagements (selection):
Ulrike Krause, Nadine Segadlo and Franzisca Zanker; Press Release, "Studie: Corona-Pandemie hat weitreichende Folgen für Geflüchtete in afrikanischen Staaten", 20 Dezember 2021, Universität Osnabrück (in German)
Ulrike Krause, Nadine Segadlo and Franzisca Zanker Forschungen zur Situation in afrikanischen Flüchtlingscamps, Interview Deutschlandfunk Kultur, 11 November 2021 (in German)
Workshops, Talks and Conference Participation (selection):
Second Workshop on “African Forced Migration Studies in Germany”, online, 4th May 2023
African Forced Migration Research in Germany, Freiburg, 11th June 2022
The future of migration research: Centering African scholarship, VAD Conference Africa-Europe: Reciprocal Perspectives, Freiburg, 10 Juni 2022 (Roundtable with Rose Jaji, Basile Ndjio, Azakhiwe Nocanda-Höhling, Khangelani Moyo and Franzisca Zanker)
The shrinking space of asylum? Refugee protection in Africa, VAD Conference Africa-Europe: Reciprocal Perspectives, Freiburg, 10 Juni 2022 (Panel with Ronald Kalyango Sebba, Khangelani Moyo and Franzisca Zanker)
Refugee hosting as a political instrument: South African and Ugandan perspectives, BICC Brown Bag Lecture, 15. Dezember 2021 (Talk Franzisca Zanker)
The impact of Covid-19 on refugee protection in Africa, International Association for the Study of Forced Migration, Online, 28. Juli 2021 (Roundtable with Ulrike Krause, Nadine Segadlo and Franzisca Zanker)
The political stakes of refugee hosting: Insights from South Africa and Uganda, 3. Konferenz des Netzwerks Fluchtforschung, Online, 17 September 2020 (Talk Franzisca Zanker)
Refugee and migration regimes in Africa – an entanglement at which costs? 3. Konferenz des Netzwerks Fluchtforschung, Online, 17 September 2020 (Roundtable with Jochen Lingelbach and Franzisca Zanker)
Photo: AU Summit February 2019 © GovernmentZA